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Raspi2-3_GenImage
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1 1 # rpi23-gen-image
2 2 ## Introduction
3 3 `rpi23-gen-image.sh` is an advanced Debian Linux bootstrapping shell script for generating Debian OS images for Raspberry Pi 2 (RPi2) and Raspberry Pi 3 (RPi3) computers. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian (armhf) releases `jessie` and `stretch`. Raspberry Pi 3 images are currently generated for 32-bit mode only.
4 4
5 5 ## Build dependencies
6 6 The following list of Debian packages must be installed on the build system because they are essentially required for the bootstrapping process. The script will check if all required packages are installed and missing packages will be installed automatically if confirmed by the user.
7 7
8 8 ```debootstrap debian-archive-keyring qemu-user-static binfmt-support dosfstools rsync bmap-tools whois git bc psmisc```
9 9
10 10 It is recommended to configure the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script to build and install the latest Raspberry Pi Linux kernel. For the RPi3 this is mandetory. Kernel compilation and linking will be performed on the build system using an ARM (armhf) cross-compiler toolchain.
11 11
12 12 The script has been tested using the default `crossbuild-essential-armhf` toolchain meta package on Debian Linux `jessie` and `stretch` build systems. Please check the [Debian CrossToolchains Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/CrossToolchains) for further information.
13 13
14 14 If a Debian Linux `jessie` build system is used it will be required to add the [Debian Cross-toolchains repository](http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/) first:
15 15
16 16 ```
17 17 echo "deb http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/ jessie main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/crosstools.list
18 18 sudo -u nobody wget -O - http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/emdebian-toolchain-archive.key | apt-key add -
19 19 dpkg --add-architecture armhf
20 20 apt-get update
21 21 ```
22 22
23 23 ## Command-line parameters
24 24 The script accepts certain command-line parameters to enable or disable specific OS features, services and configuration settings. These parameters are passed to the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script via (simple) shell-variables. Unlike environment shell-variables (simple) shell-variables are defined at the beginning of the command-line call of the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script.
25 25
26 26 #####Command-line examples:
27 27 ```shell
28 28 ENABLE_UBOOT=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
29 29 ENABLE_CONSOLE=false ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
30 30 ENABLE_WM=xfce4 ENABLE_FBTURBO=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
31 31 ENABLE_HARDNET=true ENABLE_IPTABLES=true /rpi23-gen-image.sh
32 32 APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org APT_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:3142/" ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
33 33 ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
34 34 BUILD_KERNEL=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
35 35 BUILD_KERNEL=true KERNELSRC_DIR=/tmp/linux ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
36 36 ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
37 37 ENABLE_CRYPTFS=true CRYPTFS_PASSWORD=changeme EXPANDROOT=false ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
38 38 RELEASE=stretch BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
39 39 RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
40 40 RELEASE=stretch RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
41 41 ```
42 42
43 43 ## Configuration template files
44 44 To avoid long lists of command-line parameters and to help to store the favourite parameter configurations the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script supports so called configuration template files (`CONFIG_TEMPLATE`=template). These are simple text files located in the `./templates` directory that contain the list of configuration parameters that will be used. New configuration template files can be added to the `./templates` directory.
45 45
46 46 #####Command-line examples:
47 47 ```shell
48 48 CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi3stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
49 49 CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi2stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
50 50 ```
51 51
52 52 ## Supported parameters and settings
53 53 #### APT settings:
54 54 ##### `APT_SERVER`="ftp.debian.org"
55 55 Set Debian packages server address. Choose a server from the list of Debian worldwide [mirror sites](https://www.debian.org/mirror/list). Using a nearby server will probably speed-up all required downloads within the bootstrapping process.
56 56
57 57 ##### `APT_PROXY`=""
58 58 Set Proxy server address. Using a local Proxy-Cache like `apt-cacher-ng` will speed-up the bootstrapping process because all required Debian packages will only be downloaded from the Debian mirror site once.
59 59
60 60 ##### `APT_INCLUDES`=""
61 61 A comma separated list of additional packages to be installed during bootstrapping.
62 62
63 63 #### General system settings:
64 64 ##### `RPI_MODEL`=2
65 65 Specifiy the target Raspberry Pi hardware model. The script at this time supports the Raspberry Pi models `2` and `3`. `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Raspberry Pi model `3` is used.
66 66
67 67 ##### `RELEASE`="jessie"
68 68 Set the desired Debian release name. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian releases "jessie" and "stretch". `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Debian release `stretch` is used.
69 69
70 70 ##### `HOSTNAME`="rpi$RPI_MODEL-$RELEASE"
71 71 Set system host name. It's recommended that the host name is unique in the corresponding subnet.
72 72
73 73 ##### `PASSWORD`="raspberry"
74 74 Set system `root` password. It's **STRONGLY** recommended that you choose a custom password.
75 75
76 76 ##### `USER_PASSWORD`="raspberry"
77 77 Set password for the created non-root user `USER_NAME`=pi. Ignored if `ENABLE_USER`=false. It's **STRONGLY** recommended that you choose a custom password.
78 78
79 79 ##### `DEFLOCAL`="en_US.UTF-8"
80 80 Set default system locale. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure locales` command. Please note that on using this parameter the script will automatically install the required packages `locales`, `keyboard-configuration` and `console-setup`.
81 81
82 82 ##### `TIMEZONE`="Europe/Berlin"
83 83 Set default system timezone. All available timezones can be found in the `/usr/share/zoneinfo/` directory. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure tzdata` command.
84 84
85 85 ##### `EXPANDROOT`=true
86 86 Expand the root partition and filesystem automatically on first boot.
87 87
88 88 #### Keyboard settings:
89 89 These options are used to configure keyboard layout in `/etc/default/keyboard` for console and Xorg. These settings can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration` command.
90 90
91 91 ##### `XKB_MODEL`=""
92 92 Set the name of the model of your keyboard type.
93 93
94 94 ##### `XKB_LAYOUT`=""
95 95 Set the supported keyboard layout(s).
96 96
97 97 ##### `XKB_VARIANT`=""
98 98 Set the supported variant(s) of the keyboard layout(s).
99 99
100 100 ##### `XKB_OPTIONS`=""
101 101 Set extra xkb configuration options.
102 102
103 103 #### Networking settings (DHCP):
104 104 This parameter is used to set up networking auto configuration in `/etc/systemd/network/eth.network`. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian `stretch` release was changed to `/lib/systemd/network`.`
105 105
106 106 #####`ENABLE_DHCP`=true
107 107 Set the system to use DHCP. This requires an DHCP server.
108 108
109 109 #### Networking settings (static):
110 110 These parameters are used to set up a static networking configuration in `/etc/systemd/network/eth.network`. The following static networking parameters are only supported if `ENABLE_DHCP` was set to `false`. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian `stretch` release was changed to `/lib/systemd/network`.
111 111
112 112 #####`NET_ADDRESS`=""
113 113 Set a static IPv4 or IPv6 address and its prefix, separated by "/", eg. "192.169.0.3/24".
114 114
115 115 #####`NET_GATEWAY`=""
116 116 Set the IP address for the default gateway.
117 117
118 118 #####`NET_DNS_1`=""
119 119 Set the IP address for the first DNS server.
120 120
121 121 #####`NET_DNS_2`=""
122 122 Set the IP address for the second DNS server.
123 123
124 124 #####`NET_DNS_DOMAINS`=""
125 125 Set the default DNS search domains to use for non fully qualified host names.
126 126
127 127 #####`NET_NTP_1`=""
128 128 Set the IP address for the first NTP server.
129 129
130 130 #####`NET_NTP_2`=""
131 131 Set the IP address for the second NTP server.
132 132
133 133 #### Basic system features:
134 134 ##### `ENABLE_CONSOLE`=true
135 135 Enable serial console interface. Recommended if no monitor or keyboard is connected to the RPi2/3. In case of problems fe. if the network (auto) configuration failed - the serial console can be used to access the system.
136 136
137 137 ##### `ENABLE_IPV6`=true
138 138 Enable IPv6 support. The network interface configuration is managed via systemd-networkd.
139 139
140 140 ##### `ENABLE_SSHD`=true
141 141 Install and enable OpenSSH service. The default configuration of the service doesn't allow `root` to login. Please use the user `pi` instead and `su -` or `sudo` to execute commands as root.
142 142
143 143 ##### `ENABLE_NONFREE`=false
144 144 Allow the installation of non-free Debian packages that do not comply with the DFSG. This is required to install closed-source firmware binary blobs.
145 145
146 146 ##### `ENABLE_WIRELESS`=false
147 147 Download and install the [closed-source firmware binary blob](https://github.com/RPi-Distro/firmware-nonfree/tree/master/brcm80211/brcm) that is required to run the internal wireless interface of the Raspberry Pi model `3`. This parameter is ignored if the specified `RPI_MODEL` is not `3`.
148 148
149 149 ##### `ENABLE_RSYSLOG`=true
150 150 If set to false, disable and uninstall rsyslog (so logs will be available only
151 151 in journal files)
152 152
153 153 ##### `ENABLE_SOUND`=true
154 154 Enable sound hardware and install Advanced Linux Sound Architecture.
155 155
156 156 ##### `ENABLE_HWRANDOM`=true
157 157 Enable Hardware Random Number Generator. Strong random numbers are important for most network based communications that use encryption. It's recommended to be enabled.
158 158
159 159 ##### `ENABLE_MINGPU`=false
160 160 Minimize the amount of shared memory reserved for the GPU. It doesn't seem to be possible to fully disable the GPU.
161 161
162 162 ##### `ENABLE_DBUS`=true
163 163 Install and enable D-Bus message bus. Please note that systemd should work without D-bus but it's recommended to be enabled.
164 164
165 165 ##### `ENABLE_XORG`=false
166 166 Install Xorg open-source X Window System.
167 167
168 168 ##### `ENABLE_WM`=""
169 169 Install a user defined window manager for the X Window System. To make sure all X related package dependencies are getting installed `ENABLE_XORG` will automatically get enabled if `ENABLE_WM` is used. The `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script has been tested with the following list of window managers: `blackbox`, `openbox`, `fluxbox`, `jwm`, `dwm`, `xfce4`, `awesome`.
170 170
171 171 #### Advanced system features:
172 172 ##### `ENABLE_MINBASE`=false
173 173 Use debootstrap script variant `minbase` which only includes essential packages and apt. This will reduce the disk usage by about 65 MB.
174 174
175 175 ##### `ENABLE_REDUCE`=false
176 176 Reduce the disk space usage by deleting packages and files. See `REDUCE_*` parameters for detailed information.
177 177
178 178 ##### `ENABLE_UBOOT`=false
179 179 Replace the default RPi2/3 second stage bootloader (bootcode.bin) with [U-Boot bootloader](http://git.denx.de/?p=u-boot.git;a=summary). U-Boot can boot images via the network using the BOOTP/TFTP protocol.
180 180
181 181 ##### `ENABLE_FBTURBO`=false
182 182 Install and enable the [hardware accelerated Xorg video driver](https://github.com/ssvb/xf86-video-fbturbo) `fbturbo`. Please note that this driver is currently limited to hardware accelerated window moving and scrolling.
183 183
184 184 ##### `ENABLE_IPTABLES`=false
185 185 Enable iptables IPv4/IPv6 firewall. Simplified ruleset: Allow all outgoing connections. Block all incoming connections except to OpenSSH service.
186 186
187 187 ##### `ENABLE_USER`=true
188 188 Create non-root user with password `USER_PASSWORD`=raspberry. Unless overridden with `USER_NAME`=user, username will be `pi`.
189 189
190 190 ##### `USER_NAME`=pi
191 191 Non-root user to create. Ignored if `ENABLE_USER`=false
192 192
193 193 ##### `ENABLE_ROOT`=false
194 194 Set root user password so root login will be enabled
195 195
196 196 ##### `ENABLE_HARDNET`=false
197 197 Enable IPv4/IPv6 network stack hardening settings.
198 198
199 199 ##### `ENABLE_SPLITFS`=false
200 200 Enable having root partition on an USB drive by creating two image files: one for the `/boot/firmware` mount point, and another for `/`.
201 201
202 202 ##### `CHROOT_SCRIPTS`=""
203 203 Path to a directory with scripts that should be run in the chroot before the image is finally built. Every executable file in this directory is run in lexicographical order.
204 204
205 205 ##### `ENABLE_INITRAMFS`=false
206 206 Create an initramfs that that will be loaded during the Linux startup process. `ENABLE_INITRAMFS` will automatically get enabled if `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=true. This parameter will be ignored if `BUILD_KERNEL`=false.
207 207
208 208 ##### `ENABLE_IFNAMES`=true
209 209 Enable automatic assignment of predictable, stable network interface names for all local Ethernet, WLAN interfaces. This might create complex and long interface names. This parameter is only supported if the Debian release `stretch` is used.
210 210
211 #### SSH settings
211 #### SSH settings:
212 212 ##### `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT`=false
213 213 Enable password root login via SSH. This may be a security risk with default password, use only in trusted environments. `ENABLE_ROOT` must be set to `true`.
214 214
215 215 ##### `SSH_DISABLE_PASSWORD_AUTH`=false
216 216 Disable password based SSH authentication. Only public key based SSH (v2) authentication will be supported.
217 217
218 218 ##### `SSH_LIMIT_USERS`=false
219 219 Limit the users that are allowed to login via SSH. Only allow user `USER_NAME`=pi and root if `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT`=true to login.
220 220
221 221 ##### `SSH_ROOT_AUTHORIZED_KEYS`=""
222 222 Add specified SSH `authorized_keys2` file that contains keys for public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `root`. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported. `ENABLE_ROOT` **and** `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT` must be set to `true`.
223 223
224 224 ##### `SSH_ROOT_PUB_KEY`=""
225 225 Add specified SSH (v2) public key file to `authorized_keys2` file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `root`. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported. `ENABLE_ROOT` **and** `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT` must be set to `true`.
226 226
227 227 ##### `SSH_USER_AUTHORIZED_KEYS`=""
228 228 Add specified SSH `authorized_keys2` file that contains keys for public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `USER_NAME`=pi. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported.
229 229
230 230 ##### `SSH_USER_PUB_KEY`=""
231 231 Add specified SSH (v2) public key file to `authorized_keys2` file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `USER_NAME`=pi. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported.
232 232
233 233 #### Kernel compilation:
234 234 ##### `BUILD_KERNEL`=false
235 235 Build and install the latest RPi2/3 Linux kernel. Currently only the default RPi2/3 kernel configuration is used. `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Raspberry Pi model `3` is used.
236 236
237 237 ##### `KERNEL_REDUCE`=false
238 238 Reduce the size of the generated kernel by removing unwanted device, network and filesystem drivers (experimental).
239 239
240 240 ##### `KERNEL_THREADS`=1
241 241 Number of parallel kernel building threads. If the parameter is left untouched the script will automatically determine the number of CPU cores to set the number of parallel threads to speed the kernel compilation.
242 242
243 243 ##### `KERNEL_HEADERS`=true
244 244 Install kernel headers with built kernel.
245 245
246 246 ##### `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG`=false
247 247 Start `make menuconfig` interactive menu-driven kernel configuration. The script will continue after `make menuconfig` was terminated.
248 248
249 249 ##### `KERNEL_REMOVESRC`=true
250 250 Remove all kernel sources from the generated OS image after it was built and installed.
251 251
252 252 ##### `KERNELSRC_DIR`=""
253 253 Path to a directory of [RaspberryPi Linux kernel sources](https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux) that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.
254 254
255 255 ##### `KERNELSRC_CLEAN`=false
256 256 Clean the existing kernel sources directory `KERNELSRC_DIR` (using `make mrproper`) after it was copied to the chroot and before the compilation of the kernel has started. This parameter will be ignored if no `KERNELSRC_DIR` was specified or if `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=true.
257 257
258 258 ##### `KERNELSRC_CONFIG`=true
259 259 Run `make bcm2709_defconfig` (and optional `make menuconfig`) to configure the kernel sources before building. This parameter is automatically set to `true` if no existing kernel sources directory was specified using `KERNELSRC_DIR`. This parameter is ignored if `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=true.
260 260
261 261 ##### `KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG`=""
262 262 Copy own config file to kernel `.config`. If `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG`=true then running after copy.
263 263
264 264 ##### `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=false
265 265 With this parameter set to true the script expects the existing kernel sources directory to be already successfully cross-compiled. The parameters `KERNELSRC_CLEAN`, `KERNELSRC_CONFIG`, `KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG` and `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG` are ignored and no kernel compilation tasks are performed.
266 266
267 267 ##### `RPI_FIRMWARE_DIR`=""
268 268 The directory containing a local copy of the firmware from the [RaspberryPi firmware project](https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware). Default is to download the latest firmware directly from the project.
269 269
270 270 #### Reduce disk usage:
271 271 The following list of parameters is ignored if `ENABLE_REDUCE`=false.
272 272
273 273 ##### `REDUCE_APT`=true
274 274 Configure APT to use compressed package repository lists and no package caching files.
275 275
276 276 ##### `REDUCE_DOC`=true
277 277 Remove all doc files (harsh). Configure APT to not include doc files on future `apt-get` package installations.
278 278
279 279 ##### `REDUCE_MAN`=true
280 280 Remove all man pages and info files (harsh). Configure APT to not include man pages on future `apt-get` package installations.
281 281
282 282 ##### `REDUCE_VIM`=false
283 283 Replace `vim-tiny` package by `levee` a tiny vim clone.
284 284
285 285 ##### `REDUCE_BASH`=false
286 286 Remove `bash` package and switch to `dash` shell (experimental).
287 287
288 288 ##### `REDUCE_HWDB`=true
289 289 Remove PCI related hwdb files (experimental).
290 290
291 291 ##### `REDUCE_SSHD`=true
292 292 Replace `openssh-server` with `dropbear`.
293 293
294 294 ##### `REDUCE_LOCALE`=true
295 295 Remove all `locale` translation files.
296 296
297 297 #### Encrypted root partition:
298 298
299 299 ##### `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=false
300 300 Enable full system encryption with dm-crypt. Setup a fully LUKS encrypted root partition (aes-xts-plain64:sha512) and generate required initramfs. The /boot directory will not be encrypted. This parameter will be ignored if `BUILD_KERNEL`=false. `ENABLE_CRYPTFS` is experimental. SSH-to-initramfs is currently not supported but will be soon - feel free to help.
301 301
302 302 ##### `CRYPTFS_PASSWORD`=""
303 303 Set password of the encrypted root partition. This parameter is mandatory if `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=true.
304 304
305 305 ##### `CRYPTFS_MAPPING`="secure"
306 306 Set name of dm-crypt managed device-mapper mapping.
307 307
308 308 ##### `CRYPTFS_CIPHER`="aes-xts-plain64:sha512"
309 309 Set cipher specification string. `aes-xts*` ciphers are strongly recommended.
310 310
311 311 ##### `CRYPTFS_XTSKEYSIZE`=512
312 312 Sets key size in bits. The argument has to be a multiple of 8.
313 313
314 314 ## Understanding the script
315 315 The functions of this script that are required for the different stages of the bootstrapping are split up into single files located inside the `bootstrap.d` directory. During the bootstrapping every script in this directory gets executed in lexicographical order:
316 316
317 317 | Script | Description |
318 318 | --- | --- |
319 319 | `10-bootstrap.sh` | Debootstrap basic system |
320 320 | `11-apt.sh` | Setup APT repositories |
321 321 | `12-locale.sh` | Setup Locales and keyboard settings |
322 322 | `13-kernel.sh` | Build and install RPi2/3 Kernel |
323 323 | `20-networking.sh` | Setup Networking |
324 324 | `21-firewall.sh` | Setup Firewall |
325 325 | `30-security.sh` | Setup Users and Security settings |
326 326 | `31-logging.sh` | Setup Logging |
327 327 | `32-sshd.sh` | Setup SSH and public keys |
328 328 | `41-uboot.sh` | Build and Setup U-Boot |
329 329 | `42-fbturbo.sh` | Build and Setup fbturbo Xorg driver |
330 330 | `50-firstboot.sh` | First boot actions |
331 331 | `99-reduce.sh` | Reduce the disk space usage |
332 332
333 333 All the required configuration files that will be copied to the generated OS image are located inside the `files` directory. It is not recommended to modify these configuration files manually.
334 334
335 335 | Directory | Description |
336 336 | --- | --- |
337 337 | `apt` | APT management configuration files |
338 338 | `boot` | Boot and RPi2/3 configuration files |
339 339 | `dpkg` | Package Manager configuration |
340 340 | `etc` | Configuration files and rc scripts |
341 341 | `firstboot` | Scripts that get executed on first boot |
342 342 | `initramfs` | Initramfs scripts |
343 343 | `iptables` | Firewall configuration files |
344 344 | `locales` | Locales configuration |
345 345 | `modules` | Kernel Modules configuration |
346 346 | `mount` | Fstab configuration |
347 347 | `network` | Networking configuration files |
348 348 | `sysctl.d` | Swapping and Network Hardening configuration |
349 349 | `xorg` | fbturbo Xorg driver configuration |
350 350
351 351 ## Custom packages and scripts
352 352 Debian custom packages, i.e. those not in the debian repositories, can be installed by placing them in the `packages` directory. They are installed immediately after packages from the repositories are installed. Any dependencies listed in the custom packages will be downloaded automatically from the repositories. Do not list these custom packages in `APT_INCLUDES`.
353 353
354 354 Scripts in the custom.d directory will be executed after all other installation is complete but before the image is created.
355 355
356 356 ## Logging of the bootstrapping process
357 357 All information related to the bootstrapping process and the commands executed by the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script can easily be saved into a logfile. The common shell command `script` can be used for this purpose:
358 358
359 359 ```shell
360 360 script -c 'APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org ./rpi23-gen-image.sh' ./build.log
361 361 ```
362 362
363 363 ## Flashing the image file
364 364 After the image file was successfully created by the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script it can be copied to the microSD card that will be used by the RPi2/3 computer. This can be performed by using the tools `bmaptool` or `dd`. Using `bmaptool` will probably speed-up the copy process because `bmaptool` copies more wisely than `dd`.
365 365
366 366 #####Flashing examples:
367 367 ```shell
368 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2015-12-13-debian-jessie.img /dev/mmcblk0
369 dd bs=4M if=./images/jessie/2015-12-13-debian-jessie.img of=/dev/mmcblk0
368 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie.img /dev/mmcblk0
369 dd bs=4M if=./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie.img of=/dev/mmcblk0
370 370 ```
371 371 If you have set `ENABLE_SPLITFS`, copy the `-frmw` image on the microSD card, then the `-root` one on the USB drive:
372 372 ```shell
373 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2015-12-13-debian-jessie-frmw.img /dev/mmcblk0
374 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2015-12-13-debian-jessie-root.img /dev/sdc
373 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie-frmw.img /dev/mmcblk0
374 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie-root.img /dev/sdc
375 375 ```
376 376
377 377 ## External links and references
378 378 * [Debian worldwide mirror sites](https://www.debian.org/mirror/list)
379 379 * [Debian Raspberry Pi 2 Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/RaspberryPi2)
380 380 * [Debian CrossToolchains Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/CrossToolchains)
381 381 * [Official Raspberry Pi Firmware on github](https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware)
382 382 * [Official Raspberry Pi Kernel on github](https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
383 383 * [U-BOOT git repository](http://git.denx.de/?p=u-boot.git;a=summary)
384 384 * [Xorg DDX driver fbturbo](https://github.com/ssvb/xf86-video-fbturbo)
385 385 * [RPi3 Wireless interface firmware](https://github.com/RPi-Distro/firmware-nonfree/tree/master/brcm80211/brcm)
386 386 * [Collabora RPi2 Kernel precompiled](https://repositories.collabora.co.uk/debian/)
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