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1 1 # rpi23-gen-image
2 2 ## Introduction
3 3 `rpi23-gen-image.sh` is an advanced Debian Linux bootstrapping shell script for generating Debian OS images for Raspberry Pi 2 (RPi2) and Raspberry Pi 3 (RPi3) computers. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian (armhf) releases `jessie` and `stretch`. Raspberry Pi 3 images are currently generated for 32-bit mode only.
4 4
5 5 ## Build dependencies
6 6 The following list of Debian packages must be installed on the build system because they are essentially required for the bootstrapping process. The script will check if all required packages are installed and missing packages will be installed automatically if confirmed by the user.
7 7
8 8 ```debootstrap debian-archive-keyring qemu-user-static binfmt-support dosfstools rsync bmap-tools whois git bc psmisc```
9 9
10 10 It is recommended to configure the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script to build and install the latest Raspberry Pi Linux kernel. For the RPi3 this is mandetory. Kernel compilation and linking will be performed on the build system using an ARM (armhf) cross-compiler toolchain.
11 11
12 12 The script has been tested using the default `crossbuild-essential-armhf` toolchain meta package on Debian Linux `jessie` and `stretch` build systems. Please check the [Debian CrossToolchains Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/CrossToolchains) for further information.
13 13
14 14 If a Debian Linux `jessie` build system is used it will be required to add the [Debian Cross-toolchains repository](http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/) first:
15 15
16 16 ```
17 17 echo "deb http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/ jessie main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/crosstools.list
18 18 sudo -u nobody wget -O - http://emdebian.org/tools/debian/emdebian-toolchain-archive.key | apt-key add -
19 19 dpkg --add-architecture armhf
20 20 apt-get update
21 21 ```
22 22
23 23 ## Command-line parameters
24 24 The script accepts certain command-line parameters to enable or disable specific OS features, services and configuration settings. These parameters are passed to the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script via (simple) shell-variables. Unlike environment shell-variables (simple) shell-variables are defined at the beginning of the command-line call of the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script.
25 25
26 26 #####Command-line examples:
27 27 ```shell
28 28 ENABLE_UBOOT=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
29 29 ENABLE_CONSOLE=false ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
30 30 ENABLE_WM=xfce4 ENABLE_FBTURBO=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
31 31 ENABLE_HARDNET=true ENABLE_IPTABLES=true /rpi23-gen-image.sh
32 32 APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org APT_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:3142/" ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
33 33 ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
34 34 BUILD_KERNEL=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
35 35 BUILD_KERNEL=true KERNELSRC_DIR=/tmp/linux ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
36 36 ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
37 37 ENABLE_CRYPTFS=true CRYPTFS_PASSWORD=changeme EXPANDROOT=false ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
38 38 RELEASE=stretch BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
39 39 RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
40 40 RELEASE=stretch RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
41 41 ```
42 42
43 43 ## Configuration template files
44 44 To avoid long lists of command-line parameters and to help to store the favourite parameter configurations the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script supports so called configuration template files (`CONFIG_TEMPLATE`=template). These are simple text files located in the `./templates` directory that contain the list of configuration parameters that will be used. New configuration template files can be added to the `./templates` directory.
45 45
46 46 #####Command-line examples:
47 47 ```shell
48 48 CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi3stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
49 49 CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi2stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
50 50 ```
51 51
52 52 ## Supported parameters and settings
53 53 #### APT settings:
54 54 ##### `APT_SERVER`="ftp.debian.org"
55 55 Set Debian packages server address. Choose a server from the list of Debian worldwide [mirror sites](https://www.debian.org/mirror/list). Using a nearby server will probably speed-up all required downloads within the bootstrapping process.
56 56
57 57 ##### `APT_PROXY`=""
58 58 Set Proxy server address. Using a local Proxy-Cache like `apt-cacher-ng` will speed-up the bootstrapping process because all required Debian packages will only be downloaded from the Debian mirror site once.
59 59
60 60 ##### `APT_INCLUDES`=""
61 61 A comma separated list of additional packages to be installed during bootstrapping.
62 62
63 ---
64
63 65 #### General system settings:
64 66 ##### `RPI_MODEL`=2
65 67 Specifiy the target Raspberry Pi hardware model. The script at this time supports the Raspberry Pi models `2` and `3`. `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Raspberry Pi model `3` is used.
66 68
67 69 ##### `RELEASE`="jessie"
68 70 Set the desired Debian release name. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian releases "jessie" and "stretch". `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Debian release `stretch` is used.
69 71
70 72 ##### `HOSTNAME`="rpi$RPI_MODEL-$RELEASE"
71 73 Set system host name. It's recommended that the host name is unique in the corresponding subnet.
72 74
73 75 ##### `PASSWORD`="raspberry"
74 76 Set system `root` password. It's **STRONGLY** recommended that you choose a custom password.
75 77
76 78 ##### `USER_PASSWORD`="raspberry"
77 79 Set password for the created non-root user `USER_NAME`=pi. Ignored if `ENABLE_USER`=false. It's **STRONGLY** recommended that you choose a custom password.
78 80
79 81 ##### `DEFLOCAL`="en_US.UTF-8"
80 82 Set default system locale. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure locales` command. Please note that on using this parameter the script will automatically install the required packages `locales`, `keyboard-configuration` and `console-setup`.
81 83
82 84 ##### `TIMEZONE`="Europe/Berlin"
83 85 Set default system timezone. All available timezones can be found in the `/usr/share/zoneinfo/` directory. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure tzdata` command.
84 86
85 87 ##### `EXPANDROOT`=true
86 88 Expand the root partition and filesystem automatically on first boot.
87 89
90 ---
91
88 92 #### Keyboard settings:
89 93 These options are used to configure keyboard layout in `/etc/default/keyboard` for console and Xorg. These settings can also be changed inside the running OS using the `dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration` command.
90 94
91 95 ##### `XKB_MODEL`=""
92 96 Set the name of the model of your keyboard type.
93 97
94 98 ##### `XKB_LAYOUT`=""
95 99 Set the supported keyboard layout(s).
96 100
97 101 ##### `XKB_VARIANT`=""
98 102 Set the supported variant(s) of the keyboard layout(s).
99 103
100 104 ##### `XKB_OPTIONS`=""
101 105 Set extra xkb configuration options.
102 106
107 ---
108
103 109 #### Networking settings (DHCP):
104 110 This parameter is used to set up networking auto configuration in `/etc/systemd/network/eth.network`. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian `stretch` release was changed to `/lib/systemd/network`.`
105 111
106 112 #####`ENABLE_DHCP`=true
107 113 Set the system to use DHCP. This requires an DHCP server.
108 114
115 ---
116
109 117 #### Networking settings (static):
110 118 These parameters are used to set up a static networking configuration in `/etc/systemd/network/eth.network`. The following static networking parameters are only supported if `ENABLE_DHCP` was set to `false`. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian `stretch` release was changed to `/lib/systemd/network`.
111 119
112 120 #####`NET_ADDRESS`=""
113 121 Set a static IPv4 or IPv6 address and its prefix, separated by "/", eg. "192.169.0.3/24".
114 122
115 123 #####`NET_GATEWAY`=""
116 124 Set the IP address for the default gateway.
117 125
118 126 #####`NET_DNS_1`=""
119 127 Set the IP address for the first DNS server.
120 128
121 129 #####`NET_DNS_2`=""
122 130 Set the IP address for the second DNS server.
123 131
124 132 #####`NET_DNS_DOMAINS`=""
125 133 Set the default DNS search domains to use for non fully qualified host names.
126 134
127 135 #####`NET_NTP_1`=""
128 136 Set the IP address for the first NTP server.
129 137
130 138 #####`NET_NTP_2`=""
131 139 Set the IP address for the second NTP server.
132 140
141 ---
142
133 143 #### Basic system features:
134 144 ##### `ENABLE_CONSOLE`=true
135 145 Enable serial console interface. Recommended if no monitor or keyboard is connected to the RPi2/3. In case of problems fe. if the network (auto) configuration failed - the serial console can be used to access the system.
136 146
137 147 ##### `ENABLE_I2C`=false
138 148 Enable I2C interface on the RPi2/3. Please check the [RPi2/3 pinout diagrams](http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals) to connect the right GPIO pins.
139 149
140 150 ##### `ENABLE_SPI`=false
141 151 Enable SPI interface on the RPi2/3. Please check the [RPi2/3 pinout diagrams](http://elinux.org/RPi_Low-level_peripherals) to connect the right GPIO pins.
142 152
143 153 ##### `ENABLE_IPV6`=true
144 154 Enable IPv6 support. The network interface configuration is managed via systemd-networkd.
145 155
146 156 ##### `ENABLE_SSHD`=true
147 157 Install and enable OpenSSH service. The default configuration of the service doesn't allow `root` to login. Please use the user `pi` instead and `su -` or `sudo` to execute commands as root.
148 158
149 159 ##### `ENABLE_NONFREE`=false
150 160 Allow the installation of non-free Debian packages that do not comply with the DFSG. This is required to install closed-source firmware binary blobs.
151 161
152 162 ##### `ENABLE_WIRELESS`=false
153 163 Download and install the [closed-source firmware binary blob](https://github.com/RPi-Distro/firmware-nonfree/tree/master/brcm80211/brcm) that is required to run the internal wireless interface of the Raspberry Pi model `3`. This parameter is ignored if the specified `RPI_MODEL` is not `3`.
154 164
155 165 ##### `ENABLE_RSYSLOG`=true
156 166 If set to false, disable and uninstall rsyslog (so logs will be available only
157 167 in journal files)
158 168
159 169 ##### `ENABLE_SOUND`=true
160 170 Enable sound hardware and install Advanced Linux Sound Architecture.
161 171
162 172 ##### `ENABLE_HWRANDOM`=true
163 173 Enable Hardware Random Number Generator. Strong random numbers are important for most network based communications that use encryption. It's recommended to be enabled.
164 174
165 175 ##### `ENABLE_MINGPU`=false
166 176 Minimize the amount of shared memory reserved for the GPU. It doesn't seem to be possible to fully disable the GPU.
167 177
168 178 ##### `ENABLE_DBUS`=true
169 179 Install and enable D-Bus message bus. Please note that systemd should work without D-bus but it's recommended to be enabled.
170 180
171 181 ##### `ENABLE_XORG`=false
172 182 Install Xorg open-source X Window System.
173 183
174 184 ##### `ENABLE_WM`=""
175 185 Install a user defined window manager for the X Window System. To make sure all X related package dependencies are getting installed `ENABLE_XORG` will automatically get enabled if `ENABLE_WM` is used. The `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script has been tested with the following list of window managers: `blackbox`, `openbox`, `fluxbox`, `jwm`, `dwm`, `xfce4`, `awesome`.
176 186
187 ---
188
177 189 #### Advanced system features:
178 190 ##### `ENABLE_MINBASE`=false
179 191 Use debootstrap script variant `minbase` which only includes essential packages and apt. This will reduce the disk usage by about 65 MB.
180 192
181 193 ##### `ENABLE_REDUCE`=false
182 194 Reduce the disk space usage by deleting packages and files. See `REDUCE_*` parameters for detailed information.
183 195
184 196 ##### `ENABLE_UBOOT`=false
185 197 Replace the default RPi2/3 second stage bootloader (bootcode.bin) with [U-Boot bootloader](http://git.denx.de/?p=u-boot.git;a=summary). U-Boot can boot images via the network using the BOOTP/TFTP protocol.
186 198
187 199 ##### `ENABLE_FBTURBO`=false
188 200 Install and enable the [hardware accelerated Xorg video driver](https://github.com/ssvb/xf86-video-fbturbo) `fbturbo`. Please note that this driver is currently limited to hardware accelerated window moving and scrolling.
189 201
190 202 ##### `ENABLE_IPTABLES`=false
191 203 Enable iptables IPv4/IPv6 firewall. Simplified ruleset: Allow all outgoing connections. Block all incoming connections except to OpenSSH service.
192 204
193 205 ##### `ENABLE_USER`=true
194 206 Create non-root user with password `USER_PASSWORD`=raspberry. Unless overridden with `USER_NAME`=user, username will be `pi`.
195 207
196 208 ##### `USER_NAME`=pi
197 209 Non-root user to create. Ignored if `ENABLE_USER`=false
198 210
199 211 ##### `ENABLE_ROOT`=false
200 212 Set root user password so root login will be enabled
201 213
202 214 ##### `ENABLE_HARDNET`=false
203 215 Enable IPv4/IPv6 network stack hardening settings.
204 216
205 217 ##### `ENABLE_SPLITFS`=false
206 218 Enable having root partition on an USB drive by creating two image files: one for the `/boot/firmware` mount point, and another for `/`.
207 219
208 220 ##### `CHROOT_SCRIPTS`=""
209 221 Path to a directory with scripts that should be run in the chroot before the image is finally built. Every executable file in this directory is run in lexicographical order.
210 222
211 223 ##### `ENABLE_INITRAMFS`=false
212 224 Create an initramfs that that will be loaded during the Linux startup process. `ENABLE_INITRAMFS` will automatically get enabled if `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=true. This parameter will be ignored if `BUILD_KERNEL`=false.
213 225
214 226 ##### `ENABLE_IFNAMES`=true
215 227 Enable automatic assignment of predictable, stable network interface names for all local Ethernet, WLAN interfaces. This might create complex and long interface names. This parameter is only supported if the Debian release `stretch` is used.
216 228
217 229 ##### `DISABLE_UNDERVOLT_WARNINGS`=
218 230 Disable RPi2/3 under-voltage warnings and overlays. Setting the parameter to `1` will disable the warning overlay. Setting it to `2` will additionally allow RPi2/3 turbo mode when low-voltage is present.
219 231
232 ---
233
220 234 #### SSH settings:
221 235 ##### `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT`=false
222 236 Enable password root login via SSH. This may be a security risk with default password, use only in trusted environments. `ENABLE_ROOT` must be set to `true`.
223 237
224 238 ##### `SSH_DISABLE_PASSWORD_AUTH`=false
225 239 Disable password based SSH authentication. Only public key based SSH (v2) authentication will be supported.
226 240
227 241 ##### `SSH_LIMIT_USERS`=false
228 242 Limit the users that are allowed to login via SSH. Only allow user `USER_NAME`=pi and root if `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT`=true to login.
229 243
230 244 ##### `SSH_ROOT_PUB_KEY`=""
231 245 Add SSH (v2) public key(s) from specified file to `authorized_keys` file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `root`. The specified file can also contain multiple SSH (v2) public keys. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported. `ENABLE_ROOT` **and** `SSH_ENABLE_ROOT` must be set to `true`.
232 246
233 247 ##### `SSH_USER_PUB_KEY`=""
234 248 Add SSH (v2) public key(s) from specified file to `authorized_keys` file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user `USER_NAME`=pi. The specified file can also contain multiple SSH (v2) public keys. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported.
235 249
250 ---
251
236 252 #### Kernel compilation:
237 253 ##### `BUILD_KERNEL`=false
238 254 Build and install the latest RPi2/3 Linux kernel. Currently only the default RPi2/3 kernel configuration is used. `BUILD_KERNEL`=true will automatically be set if the Raspberry Pi model `3` is used.
239 255
240 256 ##### `KERNEL_REDUCE`=false
241 257 Reduce the size of the generated kernel by removing unwanted device, network and filesystem drivers (experimental).
242 258
243 259 ##### `KERNEL_THREADS`=1
244 260 Number of parallel kernel building threads. If the parameter is left untouched the script will automatically determine the number of CPU cores to set the number of parallel threads to speed the kernel compilation.
245 261
246 262 ##### `KERNEL_HEADERS`=true
247 263 Install kernel headers with built kernel.
248 264
249 265 ##### `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG`=false
250 266 Start `make menuconfig` interactive menu-driven kernel configuration. The script will continue after `make menuconfig` was terminated.
251 267
252 268 ##### `KERNEL_REMOVESRC`=true
253 269 Remove all kernel sources from the generated OS image after it was built and installed.
254 270
255 271 ##### `KERNELSRC_DIR`=""
256 272 Path to a directory of [RaspberryPi Linux kernel sources](https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux) that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.
257 273
258 274 ##### `KERNELSRC_CLEAN`=false
259 275 Clean the existing kernel sources directory `KERNELSRC_DIR` (using `make mrproper`) after it was copied to the chroot and before the compilation of the kernel has started. This parameter will be ignored if no `KERNELSRC_DIR` was specified or if `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=true.
260 276
261 277 ##### `KERNELSRC_CONFIG`=true
262 278 Run `make bcm2709_defconfig` (and optional `make menuconfig`) to configure the kernel sources before building. This parameter is automatically set to `true` if no existing kernel sources directory was specified using `KERNELSRC_DIR`. This parameter is ignored if `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=true.
263 279
264 280 ##### `KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG`=""
265 281 Copy own config file to kernel `.config`. If `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG`=true then running after copy.
266 282
267 283 ##### `KERNELSRC_PREBUILT`=false
268 284 With this parameter set to true the script expects the existing kernel sources directory to be already successfully cross-compiled. The parameters `KERNELSRC_CLEAN`, `KERNELSRC_CONFIG`, `KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG` and `KERNEL_MENUCONFIG` are ignored and no kernel compilation tasks are performed.
269 285
270 286 ##### `RPI_FIRMWARE_DIR`=""
271 287 The directory containing a local copy of the firmware from the [RaspberryPi firmware project](https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware). Default is to download the latest firmware directly from the project.
272 288
289 ---
290
273 291 #### Reduce disk usage:
274 292 The following list of parameters is ignored if `ENABLE_REDUCE`=false.
275 293
276 294 ##### `REDUCE_APT`=true
277 295 Configure APT to use compressed package repository lists and no package caching files.
278 296
279 297 ##### `REDUCE_DOC`=true
280 298 Remove all doc files (harsh). Configure APT to not include doc files on future `apt-get` package installations.
281 299
282 300 ##### `REDUCE_MAN`=true
283 301 Remove all man pages and info files (harsh). Configure APT to not include man pages on future `apt-get` package installations.
284 302
285 303 ##### `REDUCE_VIM`=false
286 304 Replace `vim-tiny` package by `levee` a tiny vim clone.
287 305
288 306 ##### `REDUCE_BASH`=false
289 307 Remove `bash` package and switch to `dash` shell (experimental).
290 308
291 309 ##### `REDUCE_HWDB`=true
292 310 Remove PCI related hwdb files (experimental).
293 311
294 312 ##### `REDUCE_SSHD`=true
295 313 Replace `openssh-server` with `dropbear`.
296 314
297 315 ##### `REDUCE_LOCALE`=true
298 316 Remove all `locale` translation files.
299 317
300 #### Encrypted root partition:
318 ---
301 319
320 #### Encrypted root partition:
302 321 ##### `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=false
303 322 Enable full system encryption with dm-crypt. Setup a fully LUKS encrypted root partition (aes-xts-plain64:sha512) and generate required initramfs. The /boot directory will not be encrypted. This parameter will be ignored if `BUILD_KERNEL`=false. `ENABLE_CRYPTFS` is experimental. SSH-to-initramfs is currently not supported but will be soon - feel free to help.
304 323
305 324 ##### `CRYPTFS_PASSWORD`=""
306 325 Set password of the encrypted root partition. This parameter is mandatory if `ENABLE_CRYPTFS`=true.
307 326
308 327 ##### `CRYPTFS_MAPPING`="secure"
309 328 Set name of dm-crypt managed device-mapper mapping.
310 329
311 330 ##### `CRYPTFS_CIPHER`="aes-xts-plain64:sha512"
312 331 Set cipher specification string. `aes-xts*` ciphers are strongly recommended.
313 332
314 333 ##### `CRYPTFS_XTSKEYSIZE`=512
315 334 Sets key size in bits. The argument has to be a multiple of 8.
316 335
317 336 ## Understanding the script
318 337 The functions of this script that are required for the different stages of the bootstrapping are split up into single files located inside the `bootstrap.d` directory. During the bootstrapping every script in this directory gets executed in lexicographical order:
319 338
320 339 | Script | Description |
321 340 | --- | --- |
322 341 | `10-bootstrap.sh` | Debootstrap basic system |
323 342 | `11-apt.sh` | Setup APT repositories |
324 343 | `12-locale.sh` | Setup Locales and keyboard settings |
325 344 | `13-kernel.sh` | Build and install RPi2/3 Kernel |
326 345 | `14-rpi-config.sh` | Setup RPi2/3 config and cmdline |
327 346 | `20-networking.sh` | Setup Networking |
328 347 | `21-firewall.sh` | Setup Firewall |
329 348 | `30-security.sh` | Setup Users and Security settings |
330 349 | `31-logging.sh` | Setup Logging |
331 350 | `32-sshd.sh` | Setup SSH and public keys |
332 351 | `41-uboot.sh` | Build and Setup U-Boot |
333 352 | `42-fbturbo.sh` | Build and Setup fbturbo Xorg driver |
334 353 | `50-firstboot.sh` | First boot actions |
335 354 | `99-reduce.sh` | Reduce the disk space usage |
336 355
337 356 All the required configuration files that will be copied to the generated OS image are located inside the `files` directory. It is not recommended to modify these configuration files manually.
338 357
339 358 | Directory | Description |
340 359 | --- | --- |
341 360 | `apt` | APT management configuration files |
342 361 | `boot` | Boot and RPi2/3 configuration files |
343 362 | `dpkg` | Package Manager configuration |
344 363 | `etc` | Configuration files and rc scripts |
345 364 | `firstboot` | Scripts that get executed on first boot |
346 365 | `initramfs` | Initramfs scripts |
347 366 | `iptables` | Firewall configuration files |
348 367 | `locales` | Locales configuration |
349 368 | `modules` | Kernel Modules configuration |
350 369 | `mount` | Fstab configuration |
351 370 | `network` | Networking configuration files |
352 371 | `sysctl.d` | Swapping and Network Hardening configuration |
353 372 | `xorg` | fbturbo Xorg driver configuration |
354 373
355 374 ## Custom packages and scripts
356 375 Debian custom packages, i.e. those not in the debian repositories, can be installed by placing them in the `packages` directory. They are installed immediately after packages from the repositories are installed. Any dependencies listed in the custom packages will be downloaded automatically from the repositories. Do not list these custom packages in `APT_INCLUDES`.
357 376
358 377 Scripts in the custom.d directory will be executed after all other installation is complete but before the image is created.
359 378
360 379 ## Logging of the bootstrapping process
361 380 All information related to the bootstrapping process and the commands executed by the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script can easily be saved into a logfile. The common shell command `script` can be used for this purpose:
362 381
363 382 ```shell
364 383 script -c 'APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org ./rpi23-gen-image.sh' ./build.log
365 384 ```
366 385
367 386 ## Flashing the image file
368 387 After the image file was successfully created by the `rpi23-gen-image.sh` script it can be copied to the microSD card that will be used by the RPi2/3 computer. This can be performed by using the tools `bmaptool` or `dd`. Using `bmaptool` will probably speed-up the copy process because `bmaptool` copies more wisely than `dd`.
369 388
370 389 #####Flashing examples:
371 390 ```shell
372 391 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie.img /dev/mmcblk0
373 392 dd bs=4M if=./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie.img of=/dev/mmcblk0
374 393 ```
375 394 If you have set `ENABLE_SPLITFS`, copy the `-frmw` image on the microSD card, then the `-root` one on the USB drive:
376 395 ```shell
377 396 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie-frmw.img /dev/mmcblk0
378 397 bmaptool copy ./images/jessie/2017-01-23-rpi3-jessie-root.img /dev/sdc
379 398 ```
380 399
381 400 ## External links and references
382 401 * [Debian worldwide mirror sites](https://www.debian.org/mirror/list)
383 402 * [Debian Raspberry Pi 2 Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/RaspberryPi2)
384 403 * [Debian CrossToolchains Wiki](https://wiki.debian.org/CrossToolchains)
385 404 * [Official Raspberry Pi Firmware on github](https://github.com/raspberrypi/firmware)
386 405 * [Official Raspberry Pi Kernel on github](https://github.com/raspberrypi/linux)
387 406 * [U-BOOT git repository](http://git.denx.de/?p=u-boot.git;a=summary)
388 407 * [Xorg DDX driver fbturbo](https://github.com/ssvb/xf86-video-fbturbo)
389 408 * [RPi3 Wireless interface firmware](https://github.com/RPi-Distro/firmware-nonfree/tree/master/brcm80211/brcm)
390 409 * [Collabora RPi2 Kernel precompiled](https://repositories.collabora.co.uk/debian/)
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