rpi23-gen-image

Introduction

rpi23-gen-image.sh is an advanced Debian Linux bootstrapping shell script for generating Debian OS images for Raspberry Pi 2 (RPi2) and Raspberry Pi 3 (RPi3) computers. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian (armhf) releases jessie, stretch and buster. Raspberry Pi 3 images are generated for 32-bit mode only. Raspberry Pi 3 64-bit images can be generated using custom configuration parameters (templates/rpi3-stretch-arm64-4.11.y).

Build dependencies

The following list of Debian packages must be installed on the build system because they are essentially required for the bootstrapping process. The script will check if all required packages are installed and missing packages will be installed automatically if confirmed by the user.

debootstrap debian-archive-keyring qemu-user-static binfmt-support dosfstools rsync bmap-tools whois git bc psmisc dbus sudo

It is recommended to configure the rpi23-gen-image.sh script to build and install the latest Raspberry Pi Linux kernel. For the Raspberry 3 this is mandatory. Kernel compilation and linking will be performed on the build system using an ARM (armhf/armel) cross-compiler toolchain.

The script has been tested using the default crossbuild-essential-armhf and crossbuild-essential-armel toolchain meta packages on Debian Linux stretch build systems. Please check the Debian CrossToolchains Wiki for further information.

Command-line parameters

The script accepts certain command-line parameters to enable or disable specific OS features, services and configuration settings. These parameters are passed to the rpi23-gen-image.sh script via (simple) shell-variables. Unlike environment shell-variables (simple) shell-variables are defined at the beginning of the command-line call of the rpi23-gen-image.sh script.

Command-line examples:

ENABLE_UBOOT=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_CONSOLE=false ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_WM=xfce4 ENABLE_FBTURBO=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_HARDNET=true ENABLE_IPTABLES=true /rpi23-gen-image.sh
APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org APT_PROXY="http://127.0.0.1:3142/" ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_MINBASE=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
BUILD_KERNEL=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_IPV6=false ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
BUILD_KERNEL=true KERNELSRC_DIR=/tmp/linux ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
ENABLE_CRYPTFS=true CRYPTFS_PASSWORD=changeme EXPANDROOT=false ENABLE_MINBASE=true ENABLE_REDUCE=true ENABLE_MINGPU=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
RELEASE=stretch BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
RELEASE=stretch RPI_MODEL=3 ENABLE_WIRELESS=true ENABLE_MINBASE=true BUILD_KERNEL=true ./rpi23-gen-image.sh

Configuration template files

To avoid long lists of command-line parameters and to help to store the favourite parameter configurations the rpi23-gen-image.sh script supports so called configuration template files (CONFIG_TEMPLATE=template). These are simple text files located in the ./templates directory that contain the list of configuration parameters that will be used. New configuration template files can be added to the ./templates directory.

Command-line examples:

CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi3stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh
CONFIG_TEMPLATE=rpi2stretch ./rpi23-gen-image.sh

Supported parameters and settings

APT settings:

APT_SERVER="ftp.debian.org"

Set Debian packages server address. Choose a server from the list of Debian worldwide mirror sites. Using a nearby server will probably speed-up all required downloads within the bootstrapping process.

APT_PROXY=""

Set Proxy server address. Using a local Proxy-Cache like apt-cacher-ng will speed-up the bootstrapping process because all required Debian packages will only be downloaded from the Debian mirror site once. If apt-cacher-ng is running on default http://127.0.0.1:3142 it is autodetected and you don't need to set this.

KEEP_APT_PROXY=false

Keep the APT_PROXY settings used in the bootsrapping process in the generated image.

APT_INCLUDES=""

A comma-separated list of additional packages to be installed by debootstrap during bootstrapping.

APT_INCLUDES_LATE=""

A comma-separated list of additional packages to be installed by apt after bootstrapping and after APT sources are set up. This is useful for packages with pre-depends, which debootstrap do not handle well.

General system settings:

SET_ARCH=32

Set Architecture to default 32bit. If you want to compile 64-bit (RPI3 or RPI3+) set it to 64. This option will set every needed cross-compiler or board specific option for a successful build.

RPI_MODEL=2

Specify the target Raspberry Pi hardware model. The script at this time supports the following Raspberry Pi models: - 0 = Raspberry Pi 0 and Raspberry Pi 0 W - 1 = Raspberry Pi 1 model A and B - 1P = Raspberry Pi 1 model B+ and A+ - 2 = Raspberry Pi 2 model B - 3 = Raspberry Pi 3 model B - 3P = Raspberry Pi 3 model B+

RELEASE="buster"

Set the desired Debian release name. The script at this time supports the bootstrapping of the Debian releases stretch and buster.

RELEASE_ARCH="armhf"

Set the desired Debian release architecture.

HOSTNAME="rpi$RPI_MODEL-$RELEASE"

Set system hostname. It's recommended that the hostname is unique in the corresponding subnet.

PASSWORD="raspberry"

Set system root password. It's STRONGLY recommended that you choose a custom password.

USER_PASSWORD="raspberry"

Set password for the created non-root user USER_NAME=pi. Ignored if ENABLE_USER=false. It's STRONGLY recommended that you choose a custom password.

DEFLOCAL="en_US.UTF-8"

Set default system locale. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the dpkg-reconfigure locales command. Please note that on using this parameter the script will automatically install the required packages locales, keyboard-configuration and console-setup.

TIMEZONE="Europe/Berlin"

Set default system timezone. All available timezones can be found in the /usr/share/zoneinfo/ directory. This setting can also be changed inside the running OS using the dpkg-reconfigure tzdata command.

EXPANDROOT=true

Expand the root partition and filesystem automatically on first boot.

ENABLE_DPHYSSWAP=true

Enable swap. The size of the swapfile is chosen relative to the size of the root partition. It'll use the dphys-swapfile package for that.

ENABLE_QEMU=false

Generate kernel (vexpress_defconfig), file system image (qcow2) and DTB files that can be used for QEMU full system emulation (vexpress-A15). The output files are stored in the $(pwd)/images/qemu directory. You can find more information about running the generated image in the QEMU section of this readme file.

Keyboard settings:

These options are used to configure keyboard layout in /etc/default/keyboard for console and Xorg. These settings can also be changed inside the running OS using the dpkg-reconfigure keyboard-configuration command.

XKB_MODEL=""

Set the name of the model of your keyboard type.

XKB_LAYOUT=""

Set the supported keyboard layout(s).

XKB_VARIANT=""

Set the supported variant(s) of the keyboard layout(s).

XKB_OPTIONS=""

Set extra xkb configuration options.

Networking settings (DHCP):

This parameter is used to set up networking auto-configuration in /etc/systemd/network/eth.network. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian stretch release was changed to /lib/systemd/network.`

ENABLE_DHCP=true

Set the system to use DHCP. This requires an DHCP server.

Networking settings (static):

These parameters are used to set up a static networking configuration in /etc/systemd/network/eth.network. The following static networking parameters are only supported if ENABLE_DHCP was set to false. The default location of network configuration files in the Debian stretch release was changed to /lib/systemd/network.

NET_ADDRESS=""

Set a static IPv4 or IPv6 address and its prefix, separated by "/", eg. "192.169.0.3/24".

NET_GATEWAY=""

Set the IP address for the default gateway.

NET_DNS_1=""

Set the IP address for the first DNS server.

NET_DNS_2=""

Set the IP address for the second DNS server.

NET_DNS_DOMAINS=""

Set the default DNS search domains to use for non fully qualified hostnames.

NET_NTP_1=""

Set the IP address for the first NTP server.

NET_NTP_2=""

Set the IP address for the second NTP server.

Basic system features:

ENABLE_CONSOLE=true

Enable serial console interface. Recommended if no monitor or keyboard is connected to the RPi2/3. In case of problems fe. if the network (auto) configuration failed - the serial console can be used to access the system. On RPI 0 3 3P the CPU speed is locked at lowest speed.

ENABLE_PRINTK=false

Enables printing kernel messages to konsole. printk is 3 4 1 3 as in raspbian.

ENABLE_BLUETOOTH=false

Enable onboard Bluetooth interface on the RPi0/3/3P. See: Configuring the GPIO serial port on Raspbian jessie and stretch.

ENABLE_MINIUART_OVERLAY=false

Enable Bluetooth to use this. Adds overlay to swap UART0 with UART1. Enabling (slower) Bluetooth and full speed serial console. - RPI 0 3 3P have a fast hardware UART0 (ttyAMA0) and a mini UART1 (ttyS0)! RPI 1 1P 2 only have a hardware UART0. UART0 is considered better, because is faster and more stable than mini UART1. By default the Bluetooth modem is mapped to the hardware UART0 and mini UART is used for console. The mini UART is a problem for the serial console, because its baudrate depends on the CPU frequency, which is changing on runtime. Resulting in a volatile baudrate and thus in an unusable serial console.

ENABLE_TURBO=false

Enable Turbo mode. This setting locks cpu at the highest frequency. As setting ENABLE_CONSOLE=true locks RPI to lowest CPU speed, this is can be used additionally to lock cpu hat max speed. Need a good power supply and probably cooling for the Raspberry PI.

ENABLE_I2C=false

Enable I2C interface on the RPi 0/1/2/3. Please check the RPi 0/1/2/3 pinout diagrams to connect the right GPIO pins.

ENABLE_SPI=false

Enable SPI interface on the RPi 0/1/2/3. Please check the RPi 0/1/2/3 pinout diagrams to connect the right GPIO pins.

ENABLE_IPV6=true

Enable IPv6 support. The network interface configuration is managed via systemd-networkd.

ENABLE_SSHD=true

Install and enable OpenSSH service. The default configuration of the service doesn't allow root to login. Please use the user pi instead and su - or sudo to execute commands as root.

ENABLE_NONFREE=false

Allow the installation of non-free Debian packages that do not comply with the DFSG. This is required to install closed-source firmware binary blobs.

ENABLE_WIRELESS=false

Download and install the closed-source firmware binary blob that is required to run the internal wireless interface of the Raspberry Pi model 3. This parameter is ignored if the specified RPI_MODEL is not 3.

ENABLE_RSYSLOG=true

If set to false, disable and uninstall rsyslog (so logs will be available only in journal files)

ENABLE_SOUND=true

Enable sound hardware and install Advanced Linux Sound Architecture.

ENABLE_HWRANDOM=true

Enable Hardware Random Number Generator. Strong random numbers are important for most network-based communications that use encryption. It's recommended to be enabled.

ENABLE_MINGPU=false

Minimize the amount of shared memory reserved for the GPU. It doesn't seem to be possible to fully disable the GPU.

ENABLE_DBUS=true

Install and enable D-Bus message bus. Please note that systemd should work without D-bus but it's recommended to be enabled.

ENABLE_XORG=false

Install Xorg open-source X Window System.

ENABLE_WM=""

Install a user-defined window manager for the X Window System. To make sure all X related package dependencies are getting installed ENABLE_XORG will automatically get enabled if ENABLE_WM is used. The rpi23-gen-image.sh script has been tested with the following list of window managers: blackbox, openbox, fluxbox, jwm, dwm, xfce4, awesome.

ENABLE_SYSVINIT=false

Support for halt,init,poweroff,reboot,runlevel,shutdown,telinit commands

Advanced system features:

ENABLE_SYSTEMDSWAP=false

Enables Systemd-swap service. Usefull if KERNEL_ZSWAP is enabled.

ENABLE_MINBASE=false

Use debootstrap script variant minbase which only includes essential packages and apt. This will reduce the disk usage by about 65 MB.

ENABLE_REDUCE=false

Reduce the disk space usage by deleting packages and files. See REDUCE_* parameters for detailed information.

ENABLE_UBOOT=false

Replace the default RPi 0/1/2/3 second stage bootloader (bootcode.bin) with U-Boot bootloader. U-Boot can boot images via the network using the BOOTP/TFTP protocol.

UBOOTSRC_DIR=""

Path to a directory (u-boot) of U-Boot bootloader sources that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.

ENABLE_FBTURBO=false

Install and enable the hardware accelerated Xorg video driver fbturbo. Please note that this driver is currently limited to hardware accelerated window moving and scrolling.

FBTURBOSRC_DIR=""

Path to a directory (xf86-video-fbturbo) of hardware accelerated Xorg video driver sources that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.

ENABLE_VIDEOCORE=false

Install and enable the ARM side libraries for interfacing to Raspberry Pi GPU vcgencmd. Please note that this driver is currently limited to hardware accelerated window moving and scrolling.

VIDEOCORESRC_DIR=""

Path to a directory (userland) of ARM side libraries for interfacing to Raspberry Pi GPU that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.

ENABLE_NEXMON=false

Install and enable the Source code for a C-based firmware patching framework for Broadcom/Cypress WiFi chips that enables you to write your own firmware patches, for example, to enable monitor mode with radiotap headers and frame injection.

NEXMONSRC_DIR=""

Path to a directory (nexmon) of Source code for ARM side libraries for interfacing to Raspberry Pi GPU that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.

ENABLE_IPTABLES=false

Enable iptables IPv4/IPv6 firewall. Simplified ruleset: Allow all outgoing connections. Block all incoming connections except to OpenSSH service.

ENABLE_USER=true

Create non-root user with password USER_PASSWORD=raspberry. Unless overridden with USER_NAME=user, the username will be pi.

USER_NAME=pi

Non-root user to create. Ignored if ENABLE_USER=false

ENABLE_ROOT=false

Set root user password so root login will be enabled

ENABLE_HARDNET=false

Enable IPv4/IPv6 network stack hardening settings.

ENABLE_SPLITFS=false

Enable having root partition on an USB drive by creating two image files: one for the /boot/firmware mount point, and another for /.

CHROOT_SCRIPTS=""

Path to a directory with scripts that should be run in the chroot before the image is finally built. Every executable file in this directory is run in lexicographical order.

ENABLE_INITRAMFS=false

Create an initramfs that that will be loaded during the Linux startup process. ENABLE_INITRAMFS will automatically get enabled if ENABLE_CRYPTFS=true. This parameter will be ignored if BUILD_KERNEL=false.

ENABLE_IFNAMES=true

Enable automatic assignment of predictable, stable network interface names for all local Ethernet, WLAN interfaces. This might create complex and long interface names.

ENABLE_SPLASH=true

Enable default Raspberry Pi boot up rainbow splash screen.

ENABLE_LOGO=true

Enable default Raspberry Pi console logo (image of four raspberries in the top left corner).

ENABLE_SILENT_BOOT=false

Set the verbosity of console messages shown during boot up to a strict minimum.

DISABLE_UNDERVOLT_WARNINGS=

Disable RPi2/3 under-voltage warnings and overlays. Setting the parameter to 1 will disable the warning overlay. Setting it to 2 will additionally allow RPi2/3 turbo mode when low-voltage is present.

SSH settings:

SSH_ENABLE_ROOT=false

Enable password-based root login via SSH. This may be a security risk with the default password set, use only in trusted environments. ENABLE_ROOT must be set to true.

SSH_DISABLE_PASSWORD_AUTH=false

Disable password-based SSH authentication. Only public key based SSH (v2) authentication will be supported.

SSH_LIMIT_USERS=false

Limit the users that are allowed to login via SSH. Only allow user USER_NAME=pi and root if SSH_ENABLE_ROOT=true to login. This parameter will be ignored if dropbear SSH is used (REDUCE_SSHD=true).

SSH_ROOT_PUB_KEY=""

Add SSH (v2) public key(s) from specified file to authorized_keys file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user root. The specified file can also contain multiple SSH (v2) public keys. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported. ENABLE_ROOT and SSH_ENABLE_ROOT must be set to true.

SSH_USER_PUB_KEY=""

Add SSH (v2) public key(s) from specified file to authorized_keys file to enable public key based SSH (v2) authentication of user USER_NAME=pi. The specified file can also contain multiple SSH (v2) public keys. SSH protocol version 1 is not supported.

Kernel compilation:

BUILD_KERNEL=true

Build and install the latest RPi 0/1/2/3 Linux kernel. Currently only the default RPi 0/1/2/3 kernel configuration is used.

CROSS_COMPILE="arm-linux-gnueabihf-"

This sets the cross-compile environment for the compiler.

KERNEL_ARCH="arm"

This sets the kernel architecture for the compiler.

KERNEL_IMAGE="kernel7.img"

Name of the image file in the boot partition. If not set, KERNEL_IMAGE will be set to "kernel8.img" automatically if building for arm64.

KERNEL_BRANCH=""

Name of the requested branch from the GIT location for the RPi Kernel. Default is using the current default branch from the GIT site.

QEMU_BINARY="/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static"

Sets the QEMU enviornment for the Debian archive. If not set, QEMU_BINARY will be set to "/usr/bin/qemu-aarch64-static" automatically if building for arm64.

KERNEL_DEFCONFIG="bcm2709_defconfig"

Sets the default config for kernel compiling. If not set, KERNEL_DEFCONFIG will be set to "bcmrpi3_defconfig" automatically if building for arm64.

KERNEL_REDUCE=false

Reduce the size of the generated kernel by removing unwanted devices, network and filesystem drivers (experimental).

KERNEL_THREADS=1

Number of parallel kernel building threads. If the parameter is left untouched the script will automatically determine the number of CPU cores to set the number of parallel threads to speed the kernel compilation.

KERNEL_HEADERS=true

Install kernel headers with the built kernel.

KERNEL_MENUCONFIG=false

Start make menuconfig interactive menu-driven kernel configuration. The script will continue after make menuconfig was terminated.

KERNEL_OLDDEFCONFIG=false

Run make olddefconfig to automatically set all new kernel configuration options to their recommended default values.

KERNEL_CCACHE=false

Compile the kernel using ccache. This speeds up kernel recompilation by caching previous compilations and detecting when the same compilation is being done again.

KERNEL_REMOVESRC=true

Remove all kernel sources from the generated OS image after it was built and installed.

KERNELSRC_DIR=""

Path to a directory (linux) of RaspberryPi Linux kernel sources that will be copied, configured, build and installed inside the chroot.

KERNELSRC_CLEAN=false

Clean the existing kernel sources directory KERNELSRC_DIR (using make mrproper) after it was copied to the chroot and before the compilation of the kernel has started. This parameter will be ignored if no KERNELSRC_DIR was specified or if KERNELSRC_PREBUILT=true.

KERNELSRC_CONFIG=true

Run make bcm2709_defconfig (and optional make menuconfig) to configure the kernel sources before building. This parameter is automatically set to true if no existing kernel sources directory was specified using KERNELSRC_DIR. This parameter is ignored if KERNELSRC_PREBUILT=true.

KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG=""

Copy own config file to kernel .config. If KERNEL_MENUCONFIG=true then running after copy.

KERNELSRC_PREBUILT=false

With this parameter set to true the script expects the existing kernel sources directory to be already successfully cross-compiled. The parameters KERNELSRC_CLEAN, KERNELSRC_CONFIG, KERNELSRC_USRCONFIG and KERNEL_MENUCONFIG are ignored and no kernel compilation tasks are performed.

RPI_FIRMWARE_DIR=""

The directory (firmware) containing a local copy of the firmware from the RaspberryPi firmware project. Default is to download the latest firmware directly from the project.

KERNEL_DEFAULT_GOV="ONDEMAND"

Set the default cpu governor at kernel compilation. Supported values are: PERFORMANCE POWERSAVE USERSPACE ONDEMAND CONSERVATIVE SCHEDUTIL

KERNEL_NF=false

Enable Netfilter modules as kernel modules

KERNEL_VIRT=false

Enable Kernel KVM support (/dev/kvm)

KERNEL_ZSWAP=false

Enable Kernel Zswap support. Best use on high RAM load and mediocre CPU load usecases

KERNEL_BPF=true

Allow attaching eBPF programs to a cgroup using the bpf syscall (CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL CONFIG_CGROUP_BPF) [systemd compilations about it - File /lib/systemd/system/systemd-journald.server:36 configures an IP firewall (IPAddressDeny=all), but the local system does not support BPF/cgroup based firewalls]

KERNEL_SECURITY=false

Enables Apparmor, integrity subsystem, auditing.

Reduce disk usage:

The following list of parameters is ignored if ENABLE_REDUCE=false.

REDUCE_APT=true

Configure APT to use compressed package repository lists and no package caching files.

REDUCE_DOC=true

Remove all doc files (harsh). Configure APT to not include doc files on future apt-get package installations.

REDUCE_MAN=true

Remove all man pages and info files (harsh). Configure APT to not include man pages on future apt-get package installations.

REDUCE_VIM=false

Replace vim-tiny package by levee a tiny vim clone.

REDUCE_BASH=false

Remove bash package and switch to dash shell (experimental).

REDUCE_HWDB=true

Remove PCI related hwdb files (experimental).

REDUCE_SSHD=true

Replace openssh-server with dropbear.

REDUCE_LOCALE=true

Remove all locale translation files.

Encrypted root partition:

ENABLE_CRYPTFS=false

Enable full system encryption with dm-crypt. Setup a fully LUKS encrypted root partition (aes-xts-plain64:sha512) and generate required initramfs. The /boot directory will not be encrypted. This parameter will be ignored if BUILD_KERNEL=false. ENABLE_CRYPTFS is experimental. SSH-to-initramfs is currently not supported but will be soon - feel free to help.

CRYPTFS_PASSWORD=""

Set password of the encrypted root partition. This parameter is mandatory if ENABLE_CRYPTFS=true.

CRYPTFS_MAPPING="secure"

Set name of dm-crypt managed device-mapper mapping.

CRYPTFS_CIPHER="aes-xts-plain64:sha512"

Set cipher specification string. aes-xts* ciphers are strongly recommended.

CRYPTFS_XTSKEYSIZE=512

Sets key size in bits. The argument has to be a multiple of 8.

CRYPTFS_DROPBEAR=false

Enable Dropbear Initramfs support

CRYPTFS_DROPBEAR_PUBKEY=""

Provide path to dropbear Public RSA-OpenSSH Key

Build settings:

BASEDIR=$(pwd)/images/${RELEASE}

Set a path to a working directory used by the script to generate an image.

IMAGE_NAME=${BASEDIR}/${DATE}-${KERNEL_ARCH}-${KERNEL_BRANCH}-rpi${RPI_MODEL}-${RELEASE}-${RELEASE_ARCH}

Set a filename for the output file(s). Note: the script will create $IMAGE_NAME.img if ENABLE_SPLITFS=false or $IMAGE_NAME-frmw.img and $IMAGE_NAME-root.img if ENABLE_SPLITFS=true. Note 2: If the KERNEL_BRANCH is not set, the word "CURRENT" is used.

Understanding the script

The functions of this script that are required for the different stages of the bootstrapping are split up into single files located inside the bootstrap.d directory. During the bootstrapping every script in this directory gets executed in lexicographical order:

All the required configuration files that will be copied to the generated OS image are located inside the files directory. It is not recommended to modify these configuration files manually.

Custom packages and scripts

Debian custom packages, i.e. those not in the debian repositories, can be installed by placing them in the packages directory. They are installed immediately after packages from the repositories are installed. Any dependencies listed in the custom packages will be downloaded automatically from the repositories. Do not list these custom packages in APT_INCLUDES.

Scripts in the custom.d directory will be executed after all other installation is complete but before the image is created.

Logging of the bootstrapping process

All information related to the bootstrapping process and the commands executed by the rpi23-gen-image.sh script can easily be saved into a logfile. The common shell command script can be used for this purpose:

script -c 'APT_SERVER=ftp.de.debian.org ./rpi23-gen-image.sh' ./build.log

Flashing the image file

After the image file was successfully created by the rpi23-gen-image.sh script it can be copied to the microSD card that will be used by the RPi 0/1/2/3 computer. This can be performed by using the tools bmaptool or dd. Using bmaptool will probably speed-up the copy process because bmaptool copies more wisely than dd.

Flashing examples:

bmaptool copy ./images/buster/2017-01-23-rpi3-buster.img /dev/mmcblk0
dd bs=4M if=./images/buster/2017-01-23-rpi3-buster.img of=/dev/mmcblk0

If you have set ENABLE_SPLITFS, copy the -frmw image on the microSD card, then the -root one on the USB drive:

bmaptool copy ./images/buster/2017-01-23-rpi3-buster-frmw.img /dev/mmcblk0
bmaptool copy ./images/buster/2017-01-23-rpi3-buster-root.img /dev/sdc

QEMU emulation

Start QEMU full system emulation:

qemu-system-arm -m 2048M -M vexpress-a15 -cpu cortex-a15 -kernel kernel7.img -no-reboot -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca15_a7.dtb -sd ${IMAGE_NAME}.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=tty1"

Start QEMU full system emulation and output to console:

qemu-system-arm -m 2048M -M vexpress-a15 -cpu cortex-a15 -kernel kernel7.img -no-reboot -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca15_a7.dtb -sd ${IMAGE_NAME}.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200 init=/bin/systemd" -serial stdio

Start QEMU full system emulation with SMP and output to console:

qemu-system-arm -m 2048M -M vexpress-a15 -cpu cortex-a15 -smp cpus=2,maxcpus=2 -kernel kernel7.img -no-reboot -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca15_a7.dtb -sd ${IMAGE_NAME}.qcow2 -append "root=/dev/mmcblk0p2 rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200 init=/bin/systemd" -serial stdio

Start QEMU full system emulation with cryptfs, initramfs and output to console:

qemu-system-arm -m 2048M -M vexpress-a15 -cpu cortex-a15 -kernel kernel7.img -no-reboot -dtb vexpress-v2p-ca15_a7.dtb -sd ${IMAGE_NAME}.qcow2 -initrd "initramfs-${KERNEL_VERSION}" -append "root=/dev/mapper/secure cryptdevice=/dev/mmcblk0p2:secure rw rootfstype=ext4 console=ttyAMA0,115200 init=/bin/systemd" -serial stdio

External links and references

• Debian worldwide mirror sites
• Debian Raspberry Pi 2 Wiki
• Debian CrossToolchains Wiki
• Official Raspberry Pi Firmware on github
• Official Raspberry Pi Kernel on github
• U-BOOT git repository
• Xorg DDX driver fbturbo
• RPi3 Wireless interface firmware
• Collabora RPi2 Kernel precompiled